Background
Lazarou J, Pomeranz B, Corey PN. Incidence of adverse drug reactions in hospitalized patients: A meta-analysis of prospective studies. JAMA 1998;279:1200–1205.
Xie HG, Frueh FW. Pharmacogenomics steps toward personalized medicine. Future Medicine. 2005;2(4):325-337. Available at: http://www.fda.gov/cder/genomics/publications/Xie2.pdf. Accessed July 23, 2008.
Cytochrome P450
Wijnen PA, Op den Buijsch RA, Drent M, et al. The prevalence and clinical relevance of cytochrome P450 polymorphisms. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2007;26 Suppl 2:211-9.
Blue Cross Blue Shield Association. Special Report Genotyping for CYP450 polymorphisms to determine drug metabolizer status. Technology Assessment Program. 2004;19(9).
Roche Diagnostics. AmpliChip® CYP450 Test: Product Monograph. Available at: http://www.amplichip.us/documents/Product_Monograph.pdf. Accessed July 23, 2008.
Flockhart DA. Drug Interactions: Cytochrome P450 Drug Interaction Table [Clinically Relevant Table]. Indiana University School of Medicine (2007). Available at: http://medicine.iupui.edu/flockhart/clinlist.htm. Accessed July 23, 2008.
Human Cytochrome P450 (CYP) Allele Nomenclature Committee. Home page. Available at: http://www.cypalleles.ki.se/. Accessed July 23, 2008.
CYP2D6
The Pharmacogenetics and Pharmacogenomics Knowledge Base. Important Haplotype Information for CYP2D6. Available at: http://www.pharmgkb.org/search/annotatedGene/cyp2d6/haplotype.jsp. Accessed July 23, 2008.
Bradford LD. CYP2D6 allele frequency in European Caucasians, Asians, Africans and their descendants. Pharmacogenomics. 2002;3(2):229-43.
Sachse C, Brockmoller J, Bauer S, Roots I. Cytochrome P450 2D6 variants in a Caucasian population: allele frequencies and phenotypic consequences. Am J Hum Genet. 1997;60(2):284-95.
McLellan RA, Oscarson M, Seidegard J, Evans DA, Ingelman-Sundberg M. Frequent occurrence of CYP2D6 gene duplication in Saudi Arabians. Pharmacogenetics 1997;7:187-191.
CYP2C9
The Pharmacogenetics and Pharmacogenomics Knowledge Base. Important Haplotype Information for CYP2C9. Available at: http://www.pharmgkb.org/search/annotatedGene/cyp2c9/haplotype.jsp. Accessed July 23, 2008.
Kirchheiner J, Brockmoller J. Clinical consequences of cytochrome P450 2C9 polymorphisms. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2005;77(1):1-16.
CYP2C19
The Pharmacogenetics and Pharmacogenomics Knowledge Base. Important Haplotype Information for CYP2C19. Available at: http://www.pharmgkb.org/search/annotatedGene/cyp2c19/haplotype.jsp#ImportantHaplotypeInformationforCYP2C19-2. Accessed July 23, 2008.
Gene-Drug Interactions
U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Table of Valid Genomic Biomarkers in the Context of Approved Drug Labels. Available at: http://www.fda.gov/cder/genomics/genomic_biomarkers_table.htm. Accessed July 23, 2008.
U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Information for Healthcare Professionals: Use of Codeine Products in Nursing Mothers. Available at: http://www.fda.gov/CDER/Drug/InfoSheets/HCP/codeineHCP.htm. Accessed July 23, 2008.
U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Coumadin Labeling. Updated August 16, 2007. Available at: http://www.fda.gov/cder/foi/label/2007/009218s105lblv2.pdf . Accessed October 31, 2007.
ACMG Working Group on Pharmacogenetic Testing of CYP2C9, VKORC1 Alleles for Warfarin Use. Pharmacogenetic testing of CYP2C9 and VKORC1 alleles for warfarin. Genet Med. 2008 Feb;10(2):139-50.
Indiana University School of Medicine: Division of Clinical Pharmacology. Drug Interactions With Tamoxifen: A Guide for Breast Cancer Patients and Physicians. Available at: http://medicine.iupui.edu/clinpharm/COBRA/TamoxifenGuide.pdf. Accessed July 28, 2008.